Fuel and combustion supporting medium control for turbine engine starters using excess fuel for cooling



Sept. 23, 1952 BRlGGs 2,611,239

FUEL AND COMBUSTION SUPPORTING MEDIUM CONTROL FOR TURBINE ENGINE STARTERS USING EXCESS FUEL FOR COOLING Filed March 18, 1949 v 2 SHEETS-SHEET 1 46 13%? Pressure 1 sensiflve device.

. i 3 25 22 23 a; 1'7 l i E E2; Generator I l3 l 7 /5 E o S 0 nl\| 0 ER E 5/5 s f 3000f? b l\ H l\ g m S 3 & a

2000'. %3 I O L '9 I) u l E Q 3 b a Q 5 /000 Lu OJ Q1 n E INVENTOR. I 9: L's u ARTHUR 7. BRIGGS.

FUEL -0XVGEN RAT/O ML m ATTK Sept. 23, 1952 Filed March 18, 1949 A. T. BRIGGS 2,611,239

FUEL AND'COMBUSTION SUPPORTING MEDIUM CONTROL FOR TURBINE ENGINE STARTERS USING EXCESS FUEL FOR COOLING 2 SlrlEETS-SHEET 2 A" i 250 l '9 000 Q I 200 700 A, I 5 Q/ 1 t 600 /50 H I & Lg 0 E 500 Q I 400 L /00 g a I h 300 RR M.

w i2 /5 b 2 V 3 0 v .03 0 200 400 600 000 Q: E REAC T/ON CHAMBER PRESSURE ng PSI ABS. o 83 02 l 0. b J 4 Q Q b 'S 0/ Q Q- 1 g h INVENTOR. Lg i 0 ARTHUR T. e /aas.

' FUEL OXYGEN RAT/O BY azmfi ATTV.

Patented Sept. 23, 1952 AND COMBUSTION SUPPORTING ME- DIUM CONTROL FOR TURBINE ENGINE STARTERS USING EXCESS FUEL FOR.

COOLING Arthur '1. Briggs, South Williamsport, Pa., as-

signor to Avco Manufacturing Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio, a corporation of Delaware Application March is, 1949, Serial No. 82,223

This invention relates to prime movers and particularly to engines which are capable of producing a high starting torque under a wide variety of conditions of air temperature and barometric pressure. The invention has an especial application to the starting of aircraft propulsion units, particularly jet engines, and such a starter is hereafter described as a particular embodiment of the invention. The invention also comprises a 'novel method of utilizing fuel in a prime mover and of extracting therefrom kinetic energy which can be made instantaneously available as required. I

When used as aircraft propulsion units, jet engines must be operable under a wide variety of conditions. An idealstarter therefor is one whose power output is uniform and unalfected by ambient conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity. Conventional starters, such as those using solid propellants or motors energized by storage batteries, are particularly and deleteriously affected by low temperatures, while starters using atmospheric air, experience a critical drop in power in the rarified air at high altitudes.

Such engines also must be revolved at com-v paratively high speeds to start them so that the large volume of air required to support combustion is available. This air is supplied by a compressor which will not produce an adequate supply until comparatively high rotational speeds are attained.

The requirement for instantaneously available power unaffected by ambient conditions is particularly critical at high altitudes where jet engines are susceptible to blow-outs, or the extinguishment of combustion due to the lackof sufficient oxygen to support combustion. Under these conditions conventional starting mechanisms are unable to supply their full power to restart the jets. The design of a reliable starter producing adequate torque under these adverse conditions and of sufficiently light weight to be practical, has been a vexing problem to date in the manufacture of aircraft powered by jet engines. c

It is therefore a primary object of thepresent invention to provide, by burning a fuel in combustion supporting medium, a readily producible and instantaneously available expansible gas for' the purpose of starting a jet engine under the most adverse atmospheric conditions. T Anotherv object is to efiectively apply the forces of an. expanding gas in such a manner as to per-= form useful work, as through a gas turbine.

7 Claims. (Cl. Gil-39.14)

A further object is to provide a system in which the temperature of combustion is effectivelycon:

trolled.

A further object is to provide'a system in which a controlled fuel combustion is obtained for the purpose of developing power.

A further object is the provision of aworking cycle which is simple, stablaand effective, and; which can be adapted to suit a wide variety "of varying conditions.

A further object is to provide a prime mover which-may be operated by any fuel commonly used for internal combustion engines, yet whichp unlikesuch engines, is not sensitive to the com position of the particular fuel used.

A further object is to provide a starter th'at may be conveniently mounted in a wide variety of locations in an aircraft.

A further object is the provision of a system; in which combustion temperatures are largely controlled by providing fuel in excess of that which can be burned with a given quantity of.

oxygen, and in which such excess is used for cooling rather than for combustion purposes. I

A further object is to provide a prime mover which operates more, instead of less efiiciently,v upon increase ofaltitude or decrease of fatmos pheric pressure. a,

Without limiting the scope of will briefly describe the same as involving lthe supply of a flow, of 'fuel'and a combustion supporting medium 'to'a reaction chamber and the ignition of the mixture in such chamber. @The. amount of combustion supporting medium' is maintained at a level much less than that required for complete combustion and the excess fuel is used not onlyto maintain the temperature of the combustion. within practical limits, but also to furnish additional substances to the products of combustion which when subjected to ele-j vated temperature will furnish an increased volumeof gas forthe performance of useful work.

The products of combustionand excessgaseous fuel are discharged from the reaction chamber through. a nozzle arrangement to act upon suit-. able turbine blades. This efilux produces a thrust against the blades in order to rotate them about a shaft and the rotational movementso. obtained may be applied through any desired gearingto the engine to be started.

With the above brief description in mind, and for a better understanding of the present invention reference is made to the following detailed description and accompanying] 5 drawings which: 12,-:

the'invention,

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a system or apparatus embodying the principles of the invention.

Figure 2 is a chart showing how the fuel to oxygen ratio, by weight (octane being an exemplary fuel chosen for the purpose of this chart), may be varied to produce different output power measured in horsepower minutes per pound of supplied oxygen.

Figure 3 is a chart showing how the torque and horsepower produced by a device constructed in accordance with the invention, vary with the rotational speed thereof.

Figure 4 is a chart which illustrates how the selection of the reaction chamber pressure affects output expressed in horsepower minutes per pound of oxygen in the tank, and

Figure 5 is a chart showing the relationship between the ratio of fuel pump power to net output power, and the fuel to oxygen ratio as the latter is varied.

Referring now specifically to Figure 1 of the drawing, there is shown a jet type engine H] of conventional design comprising a gas turbine II and an axial compressor 12 on a common shaft l3, a combustion chamber |4 having an electric firing plug I5, a fuel tank IS with a conduit ll therefrom, terminating in the combustion'chamber H.- The jet unit also comprises an expansion nozzle I8 for propulsion purposes.

To operate the engine, the fuel, which for practical purposes may be any of the natural or synthetic liquid hydrocarbons, is introduced into heating chamber. Air is drawn into the unit, compressed into the chamber H, and the mixture ignited. On expansion of the mixed gases, sufficient energy is applied to theturbine I to drive the compressor l2, and theresiduum, still capableof expansion, discharges to atmosphere as a high velocity efllux from the expansion nozzle engine is shown in the form of an input .gear.

22 journalled in-appropriatesupports 23 mounted upon the jacket of the jet unit In. The shaft of the input gear. extends exteriorly of the supports. To .one of said-extending portions of the shaftthere isfixed a generator 25, tc be later described. Adjacent to clutch section 24 there is reciprocally journalled a mating clutch section 26 for driving purposes. The last mentioned clutch section is geared to a turbine wheel 21 through an appropriate reduction gear train housed in a, gear box 28.

The power for driving the turbine wheel 21 is derived from a mixture of fuel and a combustion supporting medium ignited within a combustion chamber 29, shown diagrammatically in Figure 1. The resulting efilux of the reaction is directed through a nozzle 30 appropriately positioned for rotating the-turbine wheel 21. The combustion chamber 29.has preferably a tubular contour having closed ends. Into one of these ends there is positioned a, main fuel line 3| for introducing fuel to the chamber, while adjacent thereto, there is a conduit 32 for conveying a combustion supporting medium, preferably oxygen, to the chamber. The nozzle 30 has its outlet at the opposite end of the chamber. Situated intermediate the ends of the chamber there is an igniter plug 33 whose source of electric energy will be later described.

Fuel line 3| has its source at the jet engine fuel tank I 6, and has a pump 34, desirably a gear pump, driven by an electric motor 35. For purposes of controlling the volume of fuel, a constant flow fuel regulator 36 is placed in the line between the pump and the combustion chamber 29. This control is of conventional design and comprises a housing, sectioned by a diaphragm into two chambers, within which there is mounted a needle plunger 31 and a spring 38 respectively. The latter urges the needle plunger to closed position with respect to a bleeder fuel line 39, the purpose of which is to convey excess fuel back into the tank l5 when the desired rate of flow is exceeded. The pressure within the chambers of the regulator is balanced by introducing the fuelthrough. lines 40 and 4| to the cham-' bers on either side of the diaphragm. Between the respective branches of these lines 40 and 4| the main fuel line 3| is restricted by an orifice 42, which regulates the flow of fuel delivered by the pump to the chamber 29.

As previously indicated aircraft powered by jet engines must be operable at rarified altitudes, and require an adequate supply of oxygen or other gas to support combustion. If a starter is similiarly dependent upon acombustion supporting gas there must be a source thereof which provides itin a ratio greater than that naturally available. To fulfill this need a commercial oxygen tank 43 is contemplated in the present invention since it not only provides a reliable source of amedium which will support combustion but also lends itself to being placed in any available space within the fuselage of the craft. There is shown in the drawing. theconduit 32, preferably of flexible tubing, which joins the tank 43 to the combustion chamber 29. the pressure of oxygen from the tank 43 are included in the conduitv 32, and include a pressure control and shut-off valve 44 which is shown as actuated by the pressure. sensitive device46. A flow control valve 41, for assuring that there will be a constant pressure of oxygen available to the combustion chamber is positioned in the conduit 32 intermediate the valve 44 and the chamber 29. ventional design, of the manually adjustable needle valve type, and is operable through pressure exerted upon a diaphragm 48. The diaphragm in conjunction with a spring 49 maintains the regulator in open position, but when the starter system is in operation, back pressure from the combustion chamber acts to close this valve 41 and to reduce the supply of oxygen to the chamber 29 when the gas force on the diaphragm exceeds-the spring force.

The clutch section 26 is arranged in known manner for longitudinal reciprocation upon the rotation of the turbine wheel 21. Conventional clutch mechanisms of this type are usually spring urged against movement in a direction to cause engagement of the mating clutch sections, and may be disengaged by removing the starting torque, or, as in the case in the present mecha nism, may also be disengaged by applying a greater torque in the form of a higher rotational speed by the clutch section 24. Accordingly, the

Means for regulating This last mentioned control is of con-,

clutch "sections may be clutch section 28.

' The source 'of'power for the electrical controlsjfof my starter system is shown'as a storage battery 50, which may be charged by a generator, (not shown), an accessory of the jet engine. The battery, through appropriate wiring, operates the motor'35,=provides the necessary spark for firing the -mixt ure'-in the chamber 29,- and may if dc"- sired, control valve 44 by replacing this pressure' sensitive'valve with aknown' commercial elec-l An ignition coil 5|. of known design, is wired to the electrical" trically actuated instrument.

system'to provide the necessary ignitioniorx the mixture in the combustion chamber; as by igniter plug 33.

I A push button toggle switch 52 is manually operated to close the circuit to the electrical controls of the system; The switch includes means for automatically opening the circuit, thereby stopping motor 35, closing valve 44 and de-energizing the ignition circuit. The genera tor 25, which is' keyed to the gear 22,'upon reaching a predetermined starting speed by'the jetengine It), actuates a solenoid 53 and breaks'the circuit at switch 52, thus shutting off the starter.

Pressing the button of the switch will naturallyre-energize the electric controls for re-starting the jet engine.

In operation, upon engine 5| and ig'niter plug 33, thus introducing fuel to the chamber "29 for combustion thereinL Q-The quantity of the fuel delivered to the chamber in a'given interval during starting is determined.

among other factors, by the area ofithe 'orifice 42', the capacity of the pump and the sensitivity and adjustment of the regulator 36. The adjustment of these last mentioned elements classifies each starter installation as to output potential; Pressure in the main'fuel line 3| opens-the valve 44 for delivering oxygen-from tank 43 to the chamber 29. The oxygen is supplied to the chamber at substantially constant pressure by the valve 41, flow being established by the pressure drop between this valve and the combustion chamber.

In analyzing the operation of my system it shouldbe remembered that the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in either air or oxygen at stoichiometric mixtures results in temperatures much too high to be utilized in any but specially designed turbines. In ordinary practice'the end temperature is reduced by using a large excess of air. To the contrary the present invention conceives an adjustment of the controls to supply a volume of fuel in excess of the amount required for complete combustion. It isto be noted that the excess of fuel is subject to temperatures of the order of 1000 degrees to 2500 degrees Rankine, and is probably subject to cracking or other chemical changes, the exact nature of which is notat present fully understood. It is reasonably clear, however, that such changes as'do occur produce gases, the-volume of which will be multiplied substantially over the volume which can be obtained by simple vaporization,and such increase in volume provides a definite source: of

energy capable of being utilized in the perform-' ance of useful work;

' The use of-alarg'e'excess of fuelin comparison to the volume of oxygen supplied'would gene'rdisengaged either I shutting off the starter apparatus 2lor by rotat ing the jet-engine at a greater speed than thefailure, or for an, initial start, closing the terminals of the switch. 52 will energize the motor 35, the ignition coil ally. be uneconomicalibut in the present inven tionit is put to advantage under conditions where thereis a large supply of available fuel and a short period during which the starter is required to perform work. Experiments have shownthat 6 starts of 50 peak horsepower of second duration may be accomplished with a combustion chamber having general dimensions of 1 inch diameter and a length of- 10 inches, using-the standard commercial tank of oxygen at 2000 P. s. i.

Although the use of atmospheric air as a combustion medium may be utilized particularly where the engine is started at an air base, it'is preferable to use oxygen,'which of course is extremely active. The products of the combustion in the chamber 29 discharge to atmosphere as a high-velocity effiuxfr'om the nozzle 30 and im- 'pinge upon the blades of the turbine wheel 21. This eiiluence drives the wheel, which transmits through the appropriate reduction gears and v clutch sections 26 and 24, a driving torque to the 5 Jet engine I0.

The torque of the turbine wheel 21 is kept relatively constant by maintaining a nearly uniform combustion temperature within the chamber 29. To this end, pump 34, regulator 36 and orifice 42 assure a constant flow of fuel independent of the back pressure within the reaction chamber. while the oxygen flow is regulated in-response' to the chamber pressure. An increase in temperature within chamber 29- tends to increase the pressure therewithin. This increased pressure operates through valve 41 to shut-off the oxygen supply and thus reduce combustion. There is therefore a very strong tendency of the apparatus to maintain uniform pressure, temperature;

and flow through the reaction chamber, and the flow through nozzle 30 is maintained substantially constant. The pump 34, regulator 36 and orifice 42 may be replaced by a reliable meterin pump, s

The temperatures after combustion and the horsepower availablefor useful work have been calculated for variousfuehoxygen ratios and appear in chart form in Figure 2. The temperatu'res are based on adiabatic combustion at constant pressure. It will be noted that as the fuel to oxygen ratio is increased the temperature of combustion decreases," thus showing the cooling effect of excess fuel.

The power output i s-expressed in horsepowerminutes at the starter turbine shaft for each pound of oxygen in the oxygen tank, and includes the losses due to a 50% turbine efficiency and the residual oxygen left in the tank after the original pressure of 2000 p. s. 1. Abs. has dropped to a combustion chamber pressure of 350 p. s. i., the pressure used in determining this chart.

Although reasonably high pressures are necessary to realize the greatest advantage from a mechanism of the present type, these are not critical as is shownby Figure 4, which indicates how the'output of thestarter apparatus 2| ex-' pressed'in horsepower minutes per pound of oxygen consumed varieswith the pressure generated within the chamber 29.

The power required to introduce'the fuel for" consumption against'the reaction pressure in the chamber 29 is but a fraction of the starter output, as maybe seen from the curve of Figure 5. This chart shows the ratio of pumping power to output power for various fuel oxygen ratios where-the reactionchamber pressure is 350 p. s. i. Abs. It

will be seenthat little power'is required to op'er-' 7-. ate aha. pump andrthat. th performance of apps ratus constructed aocordingto .the mventi n compares. every favorably with conventional start rs; The performance, of an experimental-device onstru ed in ac ordance wi h the teachin of the pre ent-i vention s raphical y shown. b

theiohart of Figure 3, whichillustrates the effec-y tiveness of the apparatus as a starting mechanism {or a jet engine. It will be im ediately apparent that the starter produces high -,t o rqu e instantly, with a gradual falling oil as R. P. i creases. Horsepowerv isz ro atth s ar u increases somewhat linearly ,asR. -P. M. increases un il the maximum horsepower is re ched- 'Usin a standard o y en tank as above identime a starter c nstructed accord g to the present invention may be made .to deliver: .190; horsep w rrfor'three (-3-) minu es.- The power may 01' course us d in smaller or l r er incremen s suchas :iif-ty (50) horsepower for six (6) :minutes or threehundred (300) horsepower for one (11), minute. The starting engine including the controls and fuel pump, weighs about one hundred (1 pounds and the oxygen tank one hundred and sixty (160) poundsflwhen fully charged. Consumption of fuel is about thirty-eight (38) pounds during the time the starter is performing work.

It will be noted that my invention provides an automatic system by which power may be effectively applied by simply pressing a starter button so that the combined instrumentalities may proceed to carry out their designatedfunm tion. It .is apparent from the description that the inventive concept is not to be limited to theparticular details described, since these. may be modified within the scope ,of the appended claims without departing from-the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

What is claimed is:

- 1.. In a thermal jet start r or internal cornbustion engines having a source of fuel supply, the combination of a combustion chamber having a discharge nozzle and ignition. means, a supply of .oxygen under pressure, a pressure control valve for regulating the oxygen to a constant pressure, a flow control valve in communication with said combustion chamber and said pressure control valve for controlling the flow of oxygen tosaid combustion chamber, a pump incommunication with said fuel supply for delivering fuel into the chamber at a uniform rate of flow inexcess .of that necessary for the complete combus-:

tion of said oxygen, said oxygen flow control :valve regulating theflow of oxygen in response to combustion chamber pressure in quantities sufficientwhen combined with said fuel to maintain the pressure within said chamber constant, means sensitive to fuel pump pressure for permitting flow of oxygen from said supply to said chamber, a power source for said fuel pump, a source of electric current in circuit with said pump power source and ignition means, a switch interposed in said circuit, a turbine-rotatable by combustion. efllux from said nozzle, speed responsive means.

for moving said turbine into and out of drive engagement with the engine to be started, said means including a drive engagement element, a

reduction gear train between said turbine anddrive element, a driven element, and power transmi sion gears between said driven element and e i e, and means responsive to engine. starting for breaking the electric circuit.

.2. j n combinatlon with an internal combustion n ne h ving a source of fuel .suon mza t e ma meansi'or said zi nitonn supply of .oxy enwundcr.

pressure, a pressure control valve ,for regulating h o ygen'to. a constant -:prcss re, a 'n w co trolrvalve responsive to com usti n chamberpressure for controlling the flow oi. oxy en from said pressure control valve to said chambenn pump -in-;communication with said en ine :fuelsupply and udaptedtc Ldeliverjfuel into the chain-p b81281, a 'un iormra e of .flow :in excess of that necessary for. complete combustion with the oxymmotive-means for said pump, a device sensitiveto ruolpump pressures for erm tting :iiow of'oxygen from said supply to said chamber, means for simultaneously. energi ng said motive means and ignition means; a turbine rotatable by the efllux from said nozzle, and speed responsive means for moving said turbine into and out :of

engagement with said .ensine- 3. .In an engine 'sLarteLsthe combination com.-

prising; a combustion chamber formed to define a discharge; nozzle; a turbine; clutching meansfor engaging and disengaging said turbine and the engine. tobe started; a source of fuel under pressure; -a source of combustion supporting medium under pressure independent of said turbine; a:fuel conduit connected to said fuel source and said combustion hamber; means in aid conduit for metering fuel to said combustion chamber at a uniform rate of flow; moans independent of said fuel conduit responsive to the pressure within said combustion chamber for metering combustion supporting medium into said chamber, said last named metering means admitting combustion supporting medium to saidchamber in quantities substantially less than necessary for complete combustion of the fuel whereby vaporization and decomposition of fuel occurs within said combustion chamber; and ignition means within said chamber for igniting the fuel and combustion supporting medium whereby gaseous products-under pressure are formed within said chamber and ejected from said nozzle to drive said turbine.

,4. In a starter mechanism including a starter motor driven by combustion products for starting an engine, the combination comprising; a combustion chamber; ignition means within said chamber; means independent of the starter motor for introducing a combustion supporting medium under pressure into said chamber; a flow -regu-.- lator including a metering orifice for introducing fuel into said chamber .at a uniform rate of flow substantially in excess of that required for complete combustion with said combustion supporting medium and sufficient to cause decomposition of the fuel into volumes of gaseous products substantially in excess of those produced by complete utilization of the combustion supporting medium; and. a flow control valve having a mow able control element responsive to the pressure within said chamber for regulating the pressure therein to a substantially constant value by controlling the fiow of combustion supporting medium into said chamber to a value such that, when ignited with-the fuel entering said chamber, gaseous products are formed sufilcient to maintain the pressure at a constant value.-

5. ;In an engine s arter of the type including a combustion chamber. in which lsformed prodnets of combustion'and a starter motor driven by the products of combustion, the combination comprising a fuel supply under pressure, a supp of, combust on supportin medium under a combustion chamberpressure independent of the starter motor, a flow regulator including a metering orifice for introducing fuel from said supply into the combustion chamber at a uniform rate of flow, a flow control valve having a movable metering element responsive to chamber pressure for regulating the fiow of combustion supporting medium from said supply to said chamber, said flow control valve regulating the flow of combustion supporting medium at all times at values grossly insuflicient for complete combustion of said fuel, the ratio of fuel and combustion supporting medium metered being such that the products formed within the combustion chamber comprise vaporized and decomposed fuel products as well as combustion products and maintain a constant pressure therein at all times.

6. In combination in an engine starter for starting a jet engine, a combustion chamber formed to define a nozzle, a source of fuel under pressure, a tank of combustion supporting medium under pressure, a conduit communicating with said fuel source and said combustion chamber, flow regulating means including a metering restriction in said conduit to regulate to a constant value the rate of flow of fuel to said chamber, a conduit communicating with said tank of combustion supporting medium and said combustion chamber, a flow control valve in said last named conduit for regulating the flow of combustion supporting medium to said chamber, said flow control valve having a movable metering element the movements of which are responsive to the pressure within said combustion chamber, the combustion supporting medium supplied to said combustion chamber by said flow control valve being grossly insuflicient for the complete combustion of the fuel supplied to said combustion chamber at all times whereby vaporized and decomposed fuel products as well as combustion products are formed, ignition means within said combustion chamber for igniting the fuel and combustion supporting medium supplied thereto whereby gaseous products are formed and ejected from said nozzle, a turbine against which the products from said nozzle impinge, and means interconnecting said turbine and the Jet engine to be started.

7. In an engine starter including a combustion chamber, discharge nozzle and ignition means, a supply of combustion supporting medium, a sup ply of engine fuel, a main fuel line connecting said supply with the combustion chamber, a pump in said line, a restriction in said line intermediate the pump and combustion chamber, a constant flow fuel regulator comprising a closed interior, a diaphragm dividing said interior, a bleeder line in communication with said fuel supply and oneside of said regulator interior, a needle plunger mounted to one side of said diaphragm and in. spring urged closed position in respect to said. bleeder line, a fuel line joining the plunger con-- taining side of the regulator to the main fuel line. between said pump and restriction, a fuel line joining the remaining side of the regulator to: the main fuel line between said restriction and combustion chamber, a conduit joining the supply of combustion supporting medium to said combustion chamber, a flow control valve interposed in the conduit, said valve comprising means responsive to pressure within the combustion chamber for regulating the ratio of fuel to combustion supporting medium, a turbine rotatable by the eiiiux from said nozzle and speed responsive means for moving said turbine into and out of drive engagement with said engine.

ARTHUR T. BRIGGS.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,052,588 Janicki Feb. 11, 1913 2,154,572 Lansing Apr. 18, 1939 2,392,565 Anderson et a1 Jan. 8, 1946 2,442,954 Lee June 8, 1948 2,511,385 Udale June 13, 1950 2,531,761 Zucrow Nov. 28, 1950 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 616,695 Great Britain Jan. 26, 1949 

